A Novel Feature-Selection Algorithm in IoT Networks for Intrusion Detection

The Internet of Things (IoT) and network-enabled smart devices are crucial to the digitally interconnected society of the present day. However, the increased reliance on IoT devices increases their susceptibility to malicious activities within network traffic, posing significant challenges to cybersecurity. As a result, both system administrators and end users are negatively affected by these malevolent behaviours. Intrusion-detection systems (IDSs) are commonly deployed as a cyber attack defence mechanism to mitigate such risks. IDS plays a crucial role in identifying and preventing cyber hazards within IoT networks. However, the development of an efficient and rapid IDS system for the detection of cyber attacks remains a challenging area of research. Moreover, IDS datasets contain multiple features, so the implementation of feature selection (FS) is required to design an effective and timely IDS. The FS procedure seeks to eliminate irrelevant and redundant features from large IDS datasets, thereby improving the intrusion-detection system’s overall performance. In this paper, we propose a hybrid wrapper-based feature-selection algorithm that is based on the concepts of the Cellular Automata (CA) engine and Tabu Search (TS)-based aspiration criteria. We used a Random Forest (RF) ensemble learning classifier to evaluate the fitness of the selected features. The proposed algorithm, CAT-S, was tested on the TON_IoT dataset. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm, CAT-S, enhances classification accuracy while simultaneously reducing the number of features and the false positive rate.publishedVersio

Analysis and Comparison of Routing protocols in MANET using Simulation

In this paper a comparative analysis among Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid routing protocolis presented using simulation.  As we are well aware that a MANET is self-configuring network and most of the real world scenario involving MANET requires individual nodes to route data. Keeping in view MANET is infrastructure less and at times nodes are free to move in different direction, making routing protocol a vital component for network operational effectiveness and efficiency

Ribavirin inhibits the replication of infectious bursal disease virus predominantly through depletion of cellular guanosine pool

IntroductionThe antiviral activity of different mutagens against single-stranded RNA viruses is well documented; however, their activity on the replication of double-stranded RNA viruses remains unexplored. This study aims to investigate the effect of different antivirals on the replication of a chicken embryo fibroblast-adapted Infectious Bursal Disease virus, FVSKG2. This study further explores the antiviral mechanism utilized by the most effective anti-IBDV agent.MethodsThe cytotoxicity and anti-FVSKG2 activity of different antiviral agents (ribavirin, 5-fluorouracil, 5-azacytidine, and amiloride) were evaluated. The virus was serially passaged in chicken embryo fibroblasts 11 times at sub-cytotoxic concentrations of ribavirin, 5-fluorouracil or amiloride. Further, the possible mutagenic and non-mutagenic mechanisms utilized by the most effective anti-FVSKG2 agent were explored.Results and DiscussionRibavirin was the least cytotoxic on chicken embryo fibroblasts, followed by 5-fluorouracil, amiloride and 5-azacytidine. Ribavirin inhibited the replication of FVSKG2 in chicken embryo fibroblasts significantly at concentrations as low as 0.05 mM. The extinction of FVSKG2 was achieved during serial passage of the virus in chicken embryo fibroblasts at ≥0.05 mM ribavirin; however, the emergence of a mutagen-resistant virus was not observed until the eleventh passage. Further, no mutation was observed in 1,898 nucleotides of the FVSKG2 following its five passages in chicken embryo fibroblasts in the presence of 0.025 mM ribavirin. Ribavarin inhibited the FVSKG2 replication in chicken embryo fibroblasts primarily through IMPDH-mediated depletion of the Guanosine Triphosphate pool of cells. However, other mechanisms like ribavirin-mediated cytokine induction or possible inhibition of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase through its interaction with the enzyme’s active sites enhance the anti-IBDV effect. Ribavirin inhibits ds- RNA viruses, likely through IMPDH inhibition and not mutagenesis. The inhibitory effect may, however, be augmented by other non-mutagenic mechanisms, like induction of antiviral cytokines in chicken embryo fibroblasts or interaction of ribavirin with the active sites of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the virus

A Survey of Weed Varieties in Samanabad, Lahore

A weed is an herbaceous plant that grows as a wild plant, and is considered a hindrance in the growth of preferred vegetation or cumbering the ground, and has no value for beauty or use. However, some weeds have roles in medicine, ecology and many other fields. A survey was conducted in Lahore to observe the weed varieties present in the area of Samanabad. The present study was carried out in May and June 2014.The primary purpose of the study was to gain knowledge about the availability of the total number of species present in this area. We also assessed whether these weeds were directly or indirectly beneficial for humans. Results of this study revealed a total of 33 species belonging to 20 different families which were collected and identified. Weeds were arranged in alphabetical order according to their respective families. Data inventory constitutes family name, botanical name, local name and life form. Results revealed the relative diversity of each family as Poaceae at 18.18% and Asteraceae at 15.15%. Out of 33 weed species, 64% were annual, 30% perennial and 6% biennial. The soil of the studied area was a hard, silty loam texture, with a slightly alkaline pH and low electrical conductivity. This study will be helpful in maintaining the flora of the Samanabad region

Incidence of breakthrough infections after COVID-19 vaccination among the COVID-19 vaccine recipients at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Srinagar

COVID-19 infections despite complete vaccination are called breakthrough infections. Breakthrough infections may decrease the vaccination confidence among people. This study was conducted soon after the Covishield vaccine was approved for use in J and K to find out the incidence of breakthrough infections among the recipients of the Covishield vaccine at SKIMS and to find out the associated factors. List of beneficiaries (between February 14, and May 15, 2021) was obtained from the records. Information was gathered telephonically. Incidence of breakthrough infections 6-month postvaccination was determined. Among 919 participants, the incidence of breakthrough infections was 2.7% (25 cases). The medical profession was associated with a higher frequency of breakthrough infections. Most infections were mild to moderate (96%). One (4%) person required hospitalization. Thus, COVID-19 infections can occur despite complete vaccination. Increased exposure places an individual at higher risk of breakthrough infections. Therefore, where exposure is high, COVID-appropriate behavior should be followed despite being vaccinated

A Scalable and Minimized Butterfly Fat Tree (SMBFT) Switching Network for On-Chip Communication

Abstract: This study proposes a scalable and cost effective Network on Chip (NoC) based architecture that is a modified version of Butterfly Fat Tree (BFT) network and is known as Scalable and Minimized Butterfly Fat Tree (SMBFT) switching network. The corresponding floor plan and scalable routing algorithm for the proposed network is also presented. Component Based Interconnection Network Simulator (CINSIM) was used to evaluate the steady state as well as transient behaviors of SMBFT, BFT and Binary Tree switching networks for average delay at targets. Results show that the proposed on-chip network outperforms the other two in terms of average delay, area and cost. SMFBT also comprises of less number of routers, links and levels. Hence the proposed network of switches is superior to BFT and Binary Tree and can efficiently be used for on-chip communication networks

Profile of Age related macular degeneration in a Kashmiri population-A hospital based study in Tertiary care hospital in Kashmir, India

Purpose To assess the profile of age related macular degeneration Material and Methods In a cross-sectional, prospective study 164 eyes of 100 ARMD patients were taken up for evaluation. Relevant clinical examination and FFA was done.Patients of wet ARMD were taken for OCT. Instruments used were Direct Ophthalmoscope (Heinz) slit lamp biomicroscope (Zeiss), Fundus camera (Zeiss) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (Zeiss). Observation Out of 100 patients 63 were male and 37 were females. 64 patients had bilateral involvement while as 36 patients had unilateral involvement at presentation. 35 patients were in the age group of 61 to 65 yrs.95% of patients presented with the symptom of diminution of vision. 26% of patients had associated systemic ailments, 29.88% of patients had a visual acuity of < 6/60. On FFA, 82.32% (135 eyes) were having non exudative (dry) ARMD and 17.68 % (29 eyes) had exudative (wet) ARMD. In dry ARMD 95.55% had drusens and only 4.44% had geographic atrophy.Out of 29 eyes of wet ARMD,on FFA, 17 eyes 58.62% had classic CNV, Two eyes (6.9%) had occult CNV and 10 (34.48%) had serous PED. OCT findings suggested classic CNV in 17 eyes (58.62%), occult CNV in 4 eyes (13.79%) and serous PED in 8 eyes (27.58%) Conclusion ARMD is usually a bilateral condition affecting mostly in the early 5th decade. Dry ARMD is commoner than wet ARMD. FFA is the golden tool for screening wet ARMD. OCT is more specific in detecting early sub- retinal neo vascular membrane

Allelopathic Effect of Some Associated Weeds of Wheat on Germinability and Biomass Production of Wheat Seedlings

<div><p>ABSTRACT: Weeds associated with crops may impose their phytotoxic effects on crop plants through the release of their allelochemicals and hence seriously reduce crop productivity. The present study was conducted to investigate the allelopathic effect of water soluble phenolics of weeds associated with wheat crop (Vicia sativa, Trigonella polycerata, Lathyrus aphaca, Medicago polymorpha, Melilotus indica) on germinability and biomass production of wheat seedlings by using their water extracts at 2.5% (w/v) and 5% (w/v) concentrations and residues of the same weeds with 0, 15 and 30 d decomposition periods at 2% (w/w) concentration. The results showed that the water extracts of M. indica and V. sativa at 5% concentration imposed the most inhibitory effect on energy of germination (81%) and prolonged time to 50% germination (226%), respectively; by contrast, T. polycerata and M. indica extracts at the same concentration inhibited shoot (8%) and root fresh biomass (64%). However, shoot dry biomass was exalted by the weed extracts at both concentrations with maximum increase (29%) caused by the M.indica extract at 2.5% concentration; however, root dry biomass (46%) and root/shoot ratio (51%) were decreased by M. polymorpha and M. indica extracts at 5% concentration, respectively. Residues of L. aphaca and M. polymorpha with a 30 d decomposition period proved the most toxic regarding energy of emergence (85%) and time to 50% emergence (138%), respectively; while, shoot fresh (41%) and dry biomass (26%) production were hindered mostly by M. indica and M. polymorpha residues with a 30 d decomposition period. There was the highest decrease in root fresh (64%) and dry biomass (64%), and root/shoot ratio (64%) when treatment was performed with V. sativa residues without decomposition. The results show that leachates and residues of weeds inhibit wheat germinability and biomass production through release of allelochemicals, and they are a threat to profitable crop production.</p></div

Growth and developmental responses of crop plants under drought stress: a review

WOS: 000413426800010Water deficit conditions are a bearing on plant growth and development leading to diminished crop productivity. However, improving the crop productivity is need of the time to sustain the food security under ever increasing world population. Drought episodes are increasing with varying intensity and duration. Drought stress imposes alterations in crucial plant growth and developmental processes, including germination, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf size and area, dry matter production and partitioning, flower and fruit production, and maturity. Nonetheless, plants show some morphological changes to cope with drought stress by lowering water loss, enhanced water uptake and maintenance of tissue water status. Some plants complete their life cycle early before the onset of drought to escape water deficit conditions. Identification of effects of drought stress on morphological attributes and morphological changes in response to drought can be promising for selection and breeding of drought resistant genotypes